Civ Since 1660--Honors--Final Exam--SP2009

Karl Marx

Civ Since 1660-Honors
Final Examination

Hitler and Musolini

Your final examination will cover chapters 22-27. It will not be comprehensive. As always, good luck.

Section 3 Lecture Outlines:

Chapter 22: The Age of Nation-States

Discussion and Ideas:

The period after the 1848 Revolutions was dominated by the Conservatives. It would be the Conservatives who would take the lead in European affairs. This includes the adoption of Liberal and Nationalists ideals with a conservative flavor. This would also be a time of constructing "Nation-States". Germany and Italy were the two most important of these.
Be able to discuss the unification of Italy in the late 1850s and early 1860s. Be able to discuss the dominance of Prussia and Bismarck and the role both played in the unification of Germany in the 1860s, culminating with the proclamation of the German Empire in 1871.
Why was the Crimean War such a pivotal event? How did that set the international stage for the changed that occurred in Europe between 1850 and 1900. France underwent a metamorphosis after its defeat to Prussia in 1870. Know the conditions under which the Third Republic came into being. What challenges did the Third Republic have to face?
Austria also went through change after its loss to Prussia. How did the "Dual Monarchy" come into being? Did this solve Austria’s problems or create more? The final two countries under consideration are Russia and Great Britain. Understand the reform movement in Russia, both instigated by Alexander as well as by the Revolutionary movement.
What were the major issues facing Great Britain? How did the solutions Britain found to these problems contribute to the increase in Democracy in Great Britain?

Chapter 23: The Building of European Supremacy: Society and Politics to World War I

Discussion and Ideas:

Know the trends in population and demographics during the latter decades of the 19th Century. What led to these demographic trends?
Be able to discuss the aspects of the Second Industrial Revolution. What fields were developed during the Second Industrial Revolution? How did this affect the people?
You should be able to describe the Middle Classes.
What issues did women face during the late 19th Century? What gains did women make? What were the differences between working class women and middle class women?
What issues did Jews face and what was the status of their citizenship in the various countries of Europe?
Describe the development of Unionism and Socialism. Know the rise of the First International and Socialists parties in Germany and Russia.

Chapter 24: The Birth of Modern European Thought

Be sure to know the development of education.
What were the main intellectual changes that occurred? Know the great thinkers of the day--those in the book and those we discussed in class.
What were the main scientific developments? Know Comte and Positivism; Darwin and Natural Selection; Huxley and Agnosticism; Spencer and Social Darwinism; the works of Pavlov and Freud as well as Nietzsche and the Übermensch.
What brought about the challenges to Christianity and the Church? What were the issues and how did the different religious denominations respond? Understand the role of Intellectual Skepticism. Be familiar with Strauss and The Life of Jesus and Lyell's works.
How did Church/State relations play out at this time? In France, Great Britain and Germany? How did the Churches react to political pressure?
Know about the Revolutions in Physics--the Quantum and Relativity theories. How did they lead to uncertainty?
Be able to discuss the intellectual movements--Naturalism, Realism and Modernism.
Understand Anti-Semitism and Zionism
How did the role of women change during this time? What did women contribute?

Chapter 25: Imperialism, Alliances, and War

Discuss the New Imperialism? What was behind it? What issues did it raise?
Know the development of the European alliance systems? What did Bismarck create diplomatically? How did France, Britain and Russia respond?
What led to the outbreak of World War I? What crises led to the War?
Be able to discuss the major events of World War I. Also, know what life was like for the ordinary soldier. Why did the war become a stalemate and how did each side try to break the stalemate?
Under what circumstances did the United States enter World War I? What were the goals of the US? How did these differ from that of the other belligerents?
Why did Germany loose World War I?
Know what brought about the Russian Revolution in 1917. How was it that the Bolsheviks came to power?
Be able to discuss the Versailles Peace Conference and Treaty of Versailles. Was it just? How did each power come out at the end of World War I?

Chapter 26/27: Political Experimentation of the 1920s & 1930s

What economic problems did Europe face after World War I?
Be able to discuss the political developments in Great Britain, France, Germany, the Soviet Union (Russia) and Italy?
Why did dictators come to power in Germany, the Soviet Union and Italy by 1933?
How did fascism develop in Italy? How did Mussolini come to power? What was his regime like? Describe Italian Fascism.
Know what "War Communism" and the New Economic Policy (NEP) in the Soviet Union were. How was Stalin able to consolidate power? What was the purpose of the Lateran Accord?
Why did the Socialists gain ground in France and Great Britain? Discuss the economic problems of both Great Britain and France. What was the Irish question in Great Britain and how was it resolved?
Compare and contrast the political developments of Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Yugoslavia and Austria during the 1920s and 30s?
Understand the features of Weimar Germany. What was hyper-inflation? Know the Kapp Putsch and the Beer Hall Putsch. Who was Stresemann and how did he help Germany in the 1920s? How did Germany conduct foreign policy during the Weimar years? How was Hitler able to come to power by 1933?

Terms: